CTLA-4 (CD152), PD-1 (CD279), PD-L1 (CD274), OX40 (CD134), 4-1bb (CD137), ICOS (CD278), TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, TGIT ligand (CD155), CD96, CD226, GITR, BTLA etc.

• Assays to evaluate functional impact of biologics or small molecules can be performed with appropriate cell lines relevant to immune checkpoints.

• Assays to assess activated markers (co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory) and cytokine expression can be performed with primary cells in the presence of biologics or small molecules.